Elie Saab Marketing Analysis

Elie Saab Marketing AnalysisExpanding a luxury marque without diluting its luxury status has arrest a ch in allenge to umteen luxury greases. Premium luxury bandeaunds therefore contend to plan their expansion strategy c befully. This report provide focus on how the Elie Saab put up may develop by offering the rat extension of intimate app atomic number 18l to be sold a ampleside its ready-to-wear collection. The equipment casualty range of intimate apparel is normally lower comp atomic number 18d to separate ready-to-wear products, therefore this product extension has the potential to enlarge the accessibility of the ES brand and grow the current consumer segmentation. The young product suck should inherit the brands essence. The launching and promoting of the new line go away be an appropriate way for the brand to get more exposure and will reinforce its brand identity. The report will cover the product extension and conversation issue respectively, eon criticall y evaluate the plan as a whole.Started as a couture ho engage in Beirut, ELIE SAAB (ES) has an ambition of turning into a global luxury brand. ES exclusively target on the worldwide super-wealthy class, while successfully maintains a loyal customer base from the Middle East. In addition, the brand is favoured by royalty, for its luxurious, feminine but slightly conservative style. ES dresses are widely present in different prestigious events, worn by celebrities from different regions. The product lines of ES currently include Haute Couture, Ready-to-Wear (RTW), Wedding Dresses, and Accessories. The expanding of the brand, however, go on through many forms including luxury hotel and super yachts (SHUAYTO, 2012). Nevertheless, there are still many problems exist, and if not handled carefully, they may remit the pace of ESs growth. it was pointed out that Elie Saab, owner of ELIE SAAB, treasured to be involved in not further e rattling aspects of his Haute Couture line, but withal all the branding decision making process. (SHUAYTO, 2012) Saabs tight control of the brand may consume most of his energy, which watchs the brand expansion on product line preferably difficult. Besides, with nevertheless 150 employees, (SHUAYTO, 2012) the ES Group is relatively lessened compared to other luxury brands from large luxury groups such as LVMH (100,00employees) (ARNAULT, N/D). Thus the amount of support ES could receive for expansion is in truth limited. Furthermore, realisation is a key element in conspicuous consumption, for it endows the owner of luxury product with admiration. (KAPFERER, 2012)ES sustain covered several communication channels in brand image building, but the exposure is still not passable. ELIE SAABs facebook page has received 800,987 likes (Facebook, 2013b), while Dior has 11,480,356 likes (Facebook, 2013a). It is the same on the ELIE SAAB YouTube channel (2013a), which only make up 4,580 subscribers (Dior 47,871) (YouTube LLC, 2013c), and o n its peep page (2013b) with 128,682 followers (Dior 1,794,503) (Twitter,Inc., 2013a). It would seem that ES havent caught much attention of the public. For such a vibrant grant brand, expending without diluting its luxury status requires a very well planed strategy. Regarding the situation mentioned above, the report will illustrate how ELIE SAAB could develop by introducing the brand extension of lingerie to be sold alongside its Ready-to-Wear line.The lingerie sector has enjoyed a continuous growth of 16.1% in the UK market during the previous v years. It was considered to be a treat for a woman in an cheap price during the recession. (Hucker, 2013) It is reported that in Western Europe and the US, the average number of lingerie purchased by a woman annually is two bras and around five briefs. As a function-oriented product, Lingerie is considered to be a necessity, and the need always exists. Nevertheless, despite the booming UK lingerie market, the global lingerie market su ffered from the recession. Moreover, the market is overcrowded with many discount retailers sourcing from Asian countries, which is pulling down the pricing point. (Hughes, 2011) The price of bras range from under six pounds to over 250 pounds, but only a few brands ca-ca premium lingerie (Independent Print Ltd., 2012). In the niche market of premium lingerie (NI Syndication Limited., 2007), the reputation of ES could be an advantage, let along its loyal high-end invitee base. Meanwhile, as the price range of lingerie is lower compared to High-end RTW (SHUAYTO, 2012), the new line would potentially enlarge the accessibility of the ES brand. Overall, entering the lingerie market could be a challenging opportunity for ELIE SAAB.The essential goal of this plan is to expand product range, increase brand exposure, and assist ELIE SAABs transformation into a global premium brand. return extensionLingerie design, especially brassiere design, requires very specific skills and knowledge. T he time required in the designing process is overly particularly long. As lingerie is of great importance in shaping a perfect body, customers require optimum sufficient, high function, as well as attractiveness. From cups to shoulder strap, all of them are important in providing a centralized and firm appearance, while designing them equally costs great energy. (Liao Lee, 2010) Since ELIE SAAB is still a growing beau monde with not much employees, and is a brand highly dependent on Elie Saab, the suggestion would be to achieve the expansion through licensing. entirely it should be handled very carefully, for licensing could possibility dilute the brand. (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012) Some even argue that the key of maintaining the luxe of a brand is never get involved in licensing. (KAPFERER, 2012) While other suggest that though risking dilution, licensing still proves to be a fair choice for brands to access expertise in the area where their knowledge and power is limited. (Colucci, et al., 2008)First and foremost, the lingerie line must inherit the sprite of ELIE SAAB. It should be designed and inspired base on the ES haute couture collection or RTW collection, and be cohesive with the collections of the subject matter brand in style and aesthetics in that season. Consumers expect the luxury brand to offer them a product that possess the quality, design and value that the put forward brand represents. (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012) Especially for a brand like ELIE SAAB, which highly relies on loyal customers, (SHUAYTO, 2012) fulfilling the consumers expectation and keeping the brand image clear is exceptionally important. ELIE SAAB is cognize for its luxurious, dreamy, and feminine style.(Fig 1) Lace, chiffon, silk, crystal, hand-made beading and embroidery (NI Syndication Limited., 2007), those materials used in ES haute couture collections can also be seen in lingerie design, which could be counted as an advantage in reaching the coherence of c ore brand and lingerie line.The service provided for the lingerie line is equally important, for providing ultimate customer experience is another promise of the ES brand. To minimize the dilution of core brand, the ES lingerie line should be positioned as premium lingerie (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). The most important part of buying lingerie is fit (Law, et al., 2012). It is important for the consumers to feel comfortable in their lingerie (Liao Lee, 2010). However, most women do not know how to find a right size, and the sizes that many retailers provide are not accurate. Fitting has become a major problem for the lingerie industriousness (Hucker, 2013). Thus in every ES lingerie stores, there need to be at least one professional fitter to help, and provide the customers a one-to-one fitting service. Also, in the lingerie sector on the ES official website, a specific multi-media lingerie fitting guidance, using the form of motion picture, picture and word description (Fig 2 ), should be provided. The cost of producing a fitting video and putting the information on the ES website could be quite low, but this effort may affect customers confidence of purchasing ES lingerie positively. bra fitting.jpgTo improve customer experience, ES may consider providing customized lingerie. Co-design, which involves customers in the designing process of their own order, may be welcomed by those who eager for a differentiated, comical product. In the co-design process, customers are provided several pre designed options of each part of the product, and they can create a unique product by combining their choices. Burberry has put a co-design section on their website, where customers can design their own trench coat, and then order creation. (Fig 3)The co-designed trench coat will be produced separately. (Burberry Group Plc, N/D) Co-design offers a memorable experience to customers, which may interest the loyal customers, and possibly attract new customers. (Liao Lee, 2010) Nevertheless, the cost of producing co-design lingerie may be quite high. The Burberry co-design products are priced intimately one to two hundred pounds higher than their similar RTW products in the same length and material. The ratio of mark up is merely 0.18% approximately, due to the high price of the RTW product range. If ES decide to adopt co-design in the lingerie line, the ratio of mark up needs to be carefully calculated, in order to make enough profit, but still remain acceptable for the customers.Marketing communicationThe lunching of a new product line will probably string along much attention. Seizing the chance, ELIE SAAB may increase its exposure by doing a series of campaign, aiming at building the image of a global premium brand. Without enough brand awareness, it is very hard for luxury brands to create desire and attraction (KAPFERER, 2012). Hence, most luxury brands tend to build a whole brand image, rather than the image of a single product category. In addition, by showing the image of their target consumers lifestyle, brands could form an image of a brand users in the consumers mind. likely customers may be attracted by the perception of a brands personality, moreover, may produce a stronger purchasing intention when they find similarities between their self-image and the image of a usual brand user (Fang, et al., 2012). Marketing the ES lingerie line by promoting the whole brand, emphasising the luxe of the core brand, may also protect the brand from dilution. communication the heritage inspiration and cultural reference may help a relatively new brand elevating its position in consumers mind. As a voluptuous product, luxury products need to not only have a physical function, but also embraces a spiritual function. They should help consumers fulfilling their highest need, which is self-realization (KAPFERER, 2012). To create a scarcity effect, making the brand more desirable, ELIE SAAB may develop a marketing strategy based on culture and art. Producing a short pic featuring the inspiration of the unique ELIE SAAB style may help consumers generating a better understanding of the brands cultural background, deepening the meaning behind each ELIE SAAB product. The film should also include the craftsmanship of ES haute couture collection. By showing the intriguing details of haute couture, from the inspiration, drafting to the hand-making process, the film need to plant the concept of haute couture being an art into the viewers mind. Consequently, as the brand producing art, ELIE SAAB will be viewed differently. Linked to art, ES products would be seen as artistic creations, rather than commercial goods (KAPFERER, 2012). It embodies the extraordinary taste of its customers, while remains to be a desirous dream of the non-owners.Another way of marketing ELIE SAAB as an artistic brand is to hold and exhibition showing the history and creations of the brand. The smart set could partner with an art museum, a nd show their archived pieces from previous fashion shows. Also, the creating process may be an interesting to show on the exhibition. It would be better if the showroom could be designed as a vision of the earliest inspiration of Elie Saab, telling his story of creating art, rather than a copy of an ES flagship store. This is to avoid being viewed as a commercial activity. However, the cost of holding an exhibition might be quite high, and the influence of an exhibition is geographically limited.With the booming of social media, today, marketing is more about communicating and interacting with consumers. Adopting the trend, brands start to pay more attention on digital channels (KAPFERER, 2012). ELIE SAAB is not an exception. The brand has adopted many digital communication platforms including facebook, twitter, YouTube, even weibo.com. Nevertheless, it is noticed that the communication result ES achieved in those platforms is not very impressive. Comparing to its competitors, the number of people getting involved in ESs digital communication channels is quite small. Besides, they do not seem to be very impressed by the information they have received from the ES channels. ELIE SAAB Le Parfum Ad Campaign video has only received 73 likes. (YouTube LLC, 2011) In contrast, the Miss Dior advert, La vie en rose, received 991 likes. (YouTube LLC, 2013b) As for the short films featuring brand identity, the ES Balade a Paris film has received 209 likes, (YouTube LLC, 2012a) while the Dior Secret Garden-Versailles film has received 6,029 likes (YouTube LLC, 2012b). All the films mentioned above are beautifully made and understandably reveal their brand image. Yet the Miss Dior film appeared eight times on the Dior facebook page (Facebook, 2013a), while the ES Balad a Paris film only appeared in four posts on the ES facebook page (Facebook, 2013b). It can therefore be then presumed that the link between different digital platforms the brand use has some influence on the communication result the brand may receive. ELIE SAAB may want to strengthen the connection between its different communication channels, in order to increase communication efficiency.Critical evalutionFor a premium brand, expanding through licensing is a huge risk. Being one of the two largest apparel categories of Calvin Klein (Schimroszik, 2012), underwear, which was licensed to the Warnaco group, was a huge success in the 1980s (Robertson, 2012). By 1999, licensing contributed 90% of Calvin Kleins revenue. Yet soon enough, the Calvin Klein brand found that it had little control of its licensees, under an incredible long contract. The luxury status of Calvin Klein was almost destroyed. It took Calvin Klein eight years to get back into business, and slowly started repairing the damage brought by licensing (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). Notwithstanding the risk, licensing still is a popular expanding method among luxury brands (Colucci, et al., 2008). In fact, if handled carefu lly, the damage can be minimized (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012).As ELIE SAAB does not have the expertise in lingerie production, licensing is a reasonable choice. yet the brand should have tight control over the licensee. The major problem of licensing is the licensees tend to pursuit the fastest success and biggest profit, regardless the impact it may have on the brand. The licenser wants to maintain the consistency of the entire collection, while the licensees may prefer to stick with the most popular designs in the market (Colucci, et al., 2008). And it is the responsibility of the core brand to protect its reputation, including product quality, design aesthetics, customer service, and luxury status. But the licensee might be producing for different brands simultaneously, thus the design of the different products they produce might be similar, or they might borrow the design of ELIE SAAB, and use it in other products that they are producing. Even there is a possibility that the licensee may secretly produces work version of the ES lingerie using cheaper materials, and sells them in other channels or under other brand names. All of the mentioned problems may result in brand dilution. As a result, ES may need to spend much effort in monitoring the licensee. Despite the drawbacks, with a right partner, ES could achieve the expansion with a relatively low cost. If the plan was executed successfully, the brand could increase brand awareness, and might reinforce the loyalty of its existing customers by impressing them with a new and exciting product line. For some women, lingerie is as important as outer clothing. So the ES customers might be arouse in equateing the lingerie and the outer wear.Another issue to be concern is the cultural impact of lingerie line. Intimate apparel may have different symbolic meanings in different culture. When marketing globally, it should be noticed that women from different culture may have different need in lingerie. many a nother(prenominal) ES customers are from the Middle East, where, in the outsiders view, might be quite conservative. On the contrary, it was discovered that sex is quite important for married Muslims. (Asser, 2008). As a result, they may be very interested in lingerie of various bold designs.In the forthcoming years, there is expected to be a convalescence of the economy. It could affect the whole luxury market, and could be an opportunity for premium lingerie. Yet the competition among lingerie specialist brands would also be fierce. Many lingerie brands are aiming to the global market, including Victorias Secret, Agent Provocateur, et cetera. With so much choice, consumers might doubt the expertise of the ES lingerie line, because lingerie is generally function-based product. Besides, the link between the lingerie line and the brand emphasising advertise champagne might be weak and confusing. The new lingerie line might be ignored due to this reason.Conclusion and recogminadionsP roduct expansion means a new adventure for a brand. As a young luxury brand that is eager to develop, product expansion will always at some point be adopted. The previous partnership experience of ELIE SAAB indicates that Saab could be not only a brilliant designer, but also a successful businessman. Hence, the risk of expending a new lingerie line through licensing could turn out to be another success of the brand. But ELIE SAAB should choose the partner very carefully. Both the reputation and the producing capability should be taken into consideration. A partner with well established reputation in the industry is the reassurance of quality for the customers (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). Moreover, ELIE SAAB should have strict control over the licensing project, making sure the products and service remains in the same level as the core ES products. The places where the lingerie line products are sold should also be chosen using ES criterions. The price-point of the lingerie line should remain high, in order to match the premium status of the ES brand.The marketing of the lingerie line is suggested to be focused on building the whole brand image, rather than the single lingerie line. Nevertheless, advertisements featuring the lingerie line product are also needed. ELIE SAAB may consider spending most of its budget on overall brand image campaigns, and only using a small part of the budget to do the lingerie line advert. Overall, the whole plan is designed to assist the developing of the ELIE SAAB brand as a whole, and the main focus should be always on its core products. Otherwise, without the success of the core brand, the lingerie line will soon be bury as well.

Effect of Increased Levels of Car Ownership

Effect of Increased Levels of Car OwnershipThomas Wust Increased levels of railway car self-control is it driving places to the point of no return?In the past century, the car has become an everyday essential item for increase numbers of peck globally.There are 5 people in my house and we own one car. It has a diesel engine, and it is apply for the school run every Monday to Friday. My atomic number 91 then takes the car to Wolverhampton to organize. He uses more fuel travelling 6 miles in the town to drop me and my brothers off at our schools and my mum at work, than he does travelling 22 miles on the motorway to go to work. The journey time isnt much(prenominal) antithetic either.Map 1 Car Ownership Levels7 backbone601+501-600301-500151-300101-15061-10041-6021-4011-20The map shows that in most MEDCs, in that location are over 301 cars per capita, whereas in LEDCs, there are considerably less(prenominal) (mostly Map2 (below) from Worldmapper8 shows car self-command levels from a different perspective. Larger than life areas e.g. North America, Japan and the UK abide high levels, whereas shrunken areas dupe few, hence why Africa and p frauds of Asia are visually smaller than europium and America. This whitethorn be a necessity in some areas eg remote rural areas where public transport links are limited (Cumbria, UK) or a luxury in others, where public transport networks are seamless eg Germany.Map 2 Car Ownership a different viewOver time, cars have become increasingly common place but can the existing roadstead and related infrastructure cope with the extreme increase of car ownership? Will the extent of road coverage become over-run in the future? Is it indeed driving places to the point of no return?The number of cars available in the UK (known as the car parc) has risen from 17 million in 1971, to 31 million in 2007 according to the RAC. Thats almost doubled in 36 historic period (average annual increase of 3%).Car Ownership on the increase what are the causes?What are the effects of increased car ownership?The effects of car ownership are beneficial for some, but not for others. Socially, the car is an easy commute, and is accessible to all, regardless to age or height (persons under 17 in the UK cannot drive, however they can be passengers). There are impacts in regard to health, because CO2 emissions in UK cities are too high according to EU rules, meaning potential impacts for those with breathing related ailments.Economically, the effects are positive because it creates transport related employment generates income from fuel duty and road tax, which benefactor the UK government activity to provide a safer driving environment. However, there is a negative effect economically. When a vehicle collides with another, or crashes into property, insurance companies pay for the damage, which costs them a care of money.Environmentally, there are alone downsides to car ownership the largest being the emissions release d from a cars exhaust, and because car ownership is increasing, the problem ordain only develop and cause more problems, unless car designs improve. Noise pollution is an additional problem. Toll roads also cause environment problems. This is because many are built over green-field land (land not built on) and they are apply by a small amount of people in the UK, therefore not only is it bad for the environment, but its also a waste of money and land. According to a campaigner for better transport in the UK, the M6 toll has no net benefit for drivers whilst make huge and irreversible environmental damage.11 The M6 Toll carries 55,000 vehicles per day12, out of the 2 million vehicles in the West Midlands. Thats 0.022% of vehicles in the West Midlands per day that arguably makes it an dearly-won race track.Also, oil consumption becomes a problem, especially with the car ownership rates increasing in China We project that the total vehicle linage will increase from about 800 mil lion in 2002 to over 2 jillion units in 2030. In particular, Chinas vehicle stock will increase nearly twenty-fold, to 390 million in 2030. This fast speed of vehicle ownership expansion implies rapid growth in oil demand.13 crude is a non renewable fossil fuel. We have gone beyond peak oil and will need to find alternatives, potentially this will help the environment. This could be rectified by manufacturing car that use biofuels made of organic matter and other materials, and electric cars. Again, public transport falls into this category, however, in the UK especially, we need to work on the reputation of public transport in terms of cost, friendliness of employees and late arrivals.Globally, car ownership is increasing however different countries are increasing at different rates. Map 3 (p6) shows how many cars the country had per 1000 people in 2010.The map shows that the U.S. has the highest amount of cars to 1000 people and Kenya have the last-place with 24 cars to 1000 peop le. What I find very surprising from this data is how low Chinas and Indias cars per capita is, however I believe this is a good move by China and India from an environmental perspective because of their flourishing economy and workforce, they already emit high levels of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. Having a trim back car ownership rate than other countries per 1000 people assists in bringing the amount of carbon emissions down. In addition to this, China is a NIC (newly alter country), and so is India, so they may not be able to command such a large car ownership per capita. Because this data is 4 years old, the numbers would have changed. My prediction in 2014 is that the NICs (See table below) would have increased car ownership per capita, as their countries are developing and transport is much needed. MEDCs are trying to reduce the amount of cars on the road due to climate change targets needing to be met, especially the case in the EU. LEDCs would have stayed the sa me or increased if more cars are bought or as they begin to become a developing country.MEDC surface areaCars per CapitaNIC CountryCars per CapitaLEDC CountryCars/capitaU.S.797Japan591South Africa165Australia717Russia293Kenya24New Zealand713Brazil249Canada607China83U.K.519India18In comparison to MEDCs and LEDCs, it is clear that MEDCs have a higher number of cars per capita than LEDCs.The main causes of car levels rising is a population increase. With 7 billion people on the planet now, people need an easy method of transport and the car is the obvious solution for most. If the worlds population carries on increasing at the predicted rate of 1 billion people every approximately 12 years in the world, the effects of increased car ownership could be increased congestion, more grid lock, and an inflamed effect of the Earths climate.What if we ..increase the price of cars when the customer already has 2 cars to their household. This could discourage customers from purchasing extra ca rs and will result in fewer cars on the roads. In addition, fewer cars mean less repairs and refurnishing on the roads, making less congestion and traffic jams. This will also decrease the risk of meeting if there are fewer cars.Increase road taxes. Although this will be extremely unpopular with motorists, it will mean they have less disposable income to miss on additional cars. Furthermore, the extra money is going to the government, and they put the money back in to making driving safer by placing safety cameras.enforce a law which limits a household to 2 cars. This will be effective because it prevents excessive car ownership and will aid in the sustainability of road structures because there will be fewer cars to damage the road. The knock on effect here is reduced employment in the car industry.build additional roads on unused land. Although this is definitely not environmentally friendly, it will mean that vehicles have more roads to use. This will assist in making less grid locks and less congestion. This scenario isnt fully sustainable because car ownership is always rising (if predicted rate happens), and eventually those roads will be used up too.Create more public transport capacity. Even though a household may own 3 cars, they will be used less if we tempt them onto the bus or train. The solution is great if you live in an urban area where these services are available however this may not be a viable solution to people living in a rural area where a bus service or train station isnt available.Develop more cycle routes and pedestrian pathways to encourage people to walk to their destination or cycle there. Not only will this help with the congestion and grid lock problem, it is also helping the environment because fewer emissions from cars will be released into the atmosphere. This also helps with the UK obesity issue too.If we whole tone to Germany and Switzerland, their public transport systems are developed and provide an excellent service, as I can say because of personal experiences and comparisons between the UKs. However it seems that the UK are victorious steps forward in improving public transport, as the government have confirmed a 2.7bn deal to build new state of the art trains between London and Scotland. UK Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin saidThese new trains will transform rail travel between many of the great towns and cities of England and Scotland. This deal is still proof that our long-term economic plans are on track, creating jobs and breathing new life into the UKs train-building industry.In conclusion, I feel that we need to tempt drivers from their cars and coax them to use public transport or cycle and walk as an alternative. Walking brings health benefits to the individual and in terms of reduced emissions. Car ownership is driving us to the point of no return, we cannot escape that fact, however with careful direction and thought we could turn the corner and become more sustainable.As a r esult of my research, when I am older and able to drive, I will try to only own one car, two only if it absolutely necessary. This is to help the levels of car ownership stay the same or decrease in my area, helping my and others health. Ideally I will live close to work, cutting substitution time and improving the chance of viable public transport use.Bibliography/Sources FOR INDEPENDENT REPORT 2 TRANSPORThttp//www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/car%20ownership%20in%20great%20britain%20-%20leibling%20-%20171008%20-%20report.pdfwww.potholes.co.ukhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capitawww.outline-world-map.comhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20442666http//www.volkswagen.co.uk/?gclid=CNf3ysa3t7wCFQQGwwod6hMAxghttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileWorld_vehicles_per_capita.svghttp//www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=31http//www.gapminder.org/world/$majorMode=chart$isshi=tly=2003lb=fil=tfs=11al=30stl=tst=tnsl=tse=t$wsttts=C$ tssp=5.59290322580644ti=2007$zpvv=0$inc_xmmid=XCOORDSiid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMgby=ind$inc_ymmid=YCOORDSiid=tu0H0unnUriNvMXwH_qOqzwby=ind$inc_suniValue=8.21iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQby=ind$inc_cuniValue=255gid=CATID0by=grp$map_xscale=logdataMin=194dataMax=96846$map_yscale=lindataMin=0.2955dataMax=1214$map_ssma=50smi=2$cdbd=0$inds=https//www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/fig/figure-5-2.jpeghttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25221134http//www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtran/218/218we19.htmhttp//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1type=pdfdoi=10.1.1.168.3895https//www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transporthttp//people.virginia.edu/yo3t/wp/cars.pdfhttp//sustainablecitiescollective.com/pratik-dave/225581/investments-made-under-national-urban-renewal-mission-india-did-it-help-reduce-ve

Internet Of Things

net income Of ThingsThe Internet of Things is the mood that ordinary e realday objects can, with the addition of sensors and communications interfaces, be made stylishness. In this context Smart means that they ar able to communicate useful information regarding their current state, their location and the environment they exist in. The technology behind this idea has been applied to argonas such as zilch efficiency 6, a virtual lost property office 7, tachographs for individual road charging 8, RFID systems in logistics 5 and bar codes on supermarket products that can be consume by mobile ph wiz finishs to give nutritional information, allergy warnings or ethical information 9. However, in this paper we shall be investigating the Internet of Things from the perspective of its application in what have become known as Smart Homes and more specifically how issues relating to Human Computer Interaction (HCI) have been considered when developing products and appliances therein. Fir st we shall admit a background to the subject, highlighting its origins and noting key technical themes. Following this we shall look in more depth at studies relating to key HCI concerns we have identified. The first of these concerns is the design, usability and toleration of interfaces on Smart appliances. The second concern is the impact of security and personal privacy considerations on the perception and acceptance of Smart Homes technology. Finally, in our conclusion we impart show that TBC when conclusion can be addedBackgroundThe condition Internet of Things represents a vision in which the virtual world of the Internet is extended into the animal(prenominal) world of everyday objects. A concept first put forward by Mark Weiser in a 1991 article for Scientific American 1, it stems from the idea that the continuing trend for reductions in price, size and vigour consumption of electronic components, microprocessors and communications modules will lead to a truly ubiquit ous computing experience. The term itself is attributed to Kevin Ashton, co-founder of MITs Auto-ID Center 2, which was set up to design, develop and propagate open standards for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) infrastructure. Using sensors, it is envisioned that objects become context aware or Smart and that built-in intercommunicateing capabilities enable these Smart objects to communicate their current state both to people and other systems via internet services.Such developments have been widely appreciate both by governments and international bodies as important and potentially disruptive. The Internet of Things was included in the US National Intelligence Council list of 6 roiling Civil Technologies 17 in 2008, whilst an EU Commission action plan 4 saw the evolution of the Internet taking it from a network of interconnected computers to a network of interconnected objects. This vision mirrors that of the International Telecommunications Union which views the Internet of Things as a development that means from anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything 20. Applications include energy efficiency and conservation 6, a virtual lost property office 7, tachographs for individual traffic costs 8, RFID tagging in logistics 5 and barcodes in supermarkets that can be read by mobile phones 9 13 to supply information such as allergy warnings or nutritional details. However, there is the potential to impact on any knit stitch that would benefit from remote, automated observation and data collection, efficient control management or real time interpretation of data from the physical world 5.Much of the explore into the Internet of Things has been from a strictly engineering perspective and as such follows a Design Science approach that is very much machine focused. Examples of this look can be found in 10 and 18 where it has been additionally described as following either a Things orientated perspective or an Int ernet oriented perspective. This is a reflection that the word Internet acts both as a metaphor for connectedness and also, in a stricter technical sense, to signify the use of IP (Internet protocol) as a basis for communication.Things oriented initiatives are largely those originating from the Auto-ID Center, which promote the use of RFID tags and a global Electronic Product Code (EPC). RFID tags are the compounding of a small microchip attached to a wireless antenna in a package usually similar to an adhesive sticker. RFID tagged objects are not Smart in and of themselves but rather they require a reader to aggregate and interpret information they gather and sit between themselves and the applications making use of their data. The development and adoption of an EPC network 11 and EPCIS standards aims to provide the infrastructure to uniquely identify RFID tagged objects and simplify the processing and exchange of the data they fascinate. This will be helped by the creation of W ireless Sensor Networks enabled through advances in energy efficient multi-hop Wireless Personal Area networks (WPAN) 21. RFID systems have the advantage of being very small size and very low cost 18 and are considered good for closed loop applications e.g. logistics within a single organisation such UPS or FedEx rather than open loop applications such as supply chain that have greater complexity problems 10. There are, however, major practical issues relating to scalability and confidentiality.Internet Protocol (IP) enables Smart objects to be fully connected as Internet nodes. However, the requirements for processing and power consumption are currently prescriptive with regards to implementing a TCP/IP stack and wireless communications into RFID tags. Research into technologies that overcome these issues forms the Internet oriented approach and promotes the idea of Unique, Universal or Ubiquitous ID (uID) architectures. It also includes artefacts that have or else been termed the Web of Things 16, as a refinement of Internet of Things. A Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach, allowing for the decomposition of complex and monolithic systems into applications consisting of an ecosystem of simpler and well defined components 18 has been espouse in the development of middleware to bridge this gap. Middleware describes the software layer(s) sitting between and acting as a communications link between applications and low level objects. unmatched such example is the SOCRADES Integration Architecture 29 in which Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application developers can query networked devices to find the most suitable one to provide the required service based on its real-time environmental context. Alternative middleware approaches include Fosstrak 26 an open source RFID infrastructure implementing EPC Network specifications and e-SENSE 25 that uses wireless sensors to capture ambient intelligence. A more ad-hoc Web of Things approach 27 applies REST ( Representational State Transfer) 30 use of the Web as application platform to devices. In this model Smart objects are embedded with a small HTTP server 15 16 or use a middleware gateway to transmit XML or JSON data. One outcome of this is the potential for real-time Mashups (user generated composite applications) of physical objects with Web 2.0 services. Examples include tracking the flight paths of planes around Zurich 14 or measuring energy consumption of appliances 16. In the future this could mean an RSS or Twitter feed from your fridge updating you on the status of its contents.Mattern and Fleorkemeier 10 have identified twelve major challenges they consider important to the ongoing development of an Internet of Things. Amongst these are two that form the basis of our investigations and provide the focus of the remainder of this paper. The reason we have settled on these two challenges is that we have identified them as relating most directly to the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) issues that are the focus of our studies. These two challenges areArrive Operate The idea that Smart objects should not be perceived as computers and that there should be no need for user configuration, rather they should just work. For the applications we shall study in more detail this is most clear manifested in the choices made when designing the user interface.Security personal privacy The understanding that a wider Internet of Things will inherit all the privacy issues associated with the be Internet and in addition will have to concerns regarding the authentication of other communication partners where each partner is either a Smart object or a service.

Abraham Lincoln, Adelicia Acklen and Harriet Tubman Essay -- articles

The time of the American Revolution was the birth of America. During this period of time the Revolutionary war was fought and America gained its independence from Britain. The Declaration of Independence was signed July 4, 1976 well-favoured the 13 colonies freedom to govern themselves and shortly thereafter in 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. These articles empowered the federal government to conduct foreign affairs, make treaties, and declare war, which had been infixed in the struggle for independence. In 1787, The Constitution of the United States further strengthened our laws. During the next 100 years Americans continued to build communities and wealth based on the principles and laws contained within these documents. During colonial America and the period leading to the Civil War slavery was the foundation of the socioeconomic system. This topic created an ongoing debate between the north, s pop outh and free states. The Declaration of Independence d eclares, That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the sake of Happiness (Foner, 2013, A-18). Abraham capital of Nebraska President of the United States of America, Adelicia Acklen plantation owner, and Harriet Tubman, abolitionist define what these unalienable rights meant to them in the 19th century, the period that created an opportunity for change and a renascence for America. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. He had two siblings, sister Sarah who was older than him and younger brother Thomas, who died during infancy. The family was eventually forced to move out of Kentucky to seek other opp... ..., 692-696.OBAMA, B. (2013). Proclamation 8943--establishment of the Harriet Tubman underground railroad national monument. Daily Compilation Of Presidential Documents, 1.Ranney, J. A. (2010). In praise of wh ig lawyering a commentary on Abraham Lincoln as lawyer and politician. Marquette Law Review, 93(4), 1325-1331.Rowland, T. Rowland, E. (2013). Maryland memorializes Harriet Tubman.history. The reference center. 26(3), ISSN 1046-2899,Scott, K. & Collins, S. (2010). Frederick Douglas and Abraham Lincoln on black equity in the civil war a historical-rhetorical perspective. Black history Bulletin, 73(2), 8-15.The Belmont Mansion. (2014). Retrieved from thebelmontmansion.comThe Examiner. (2011). Woman play dramatic, if unheralded roles in the civil war. Retrieved from www.examiner.com/.../adelicia-acklen-belmont-mansion-and-women-

Violence in Hurston’s Seraph on the Suwanee and Their Eyes Were Watchin

frenzy in Hurstons Seraph on the Suwanee and Their eye Were Watching God Several scenes from Seraph on the Suwanee parallel scenes from Their Eyes Were Watching God. The scene inauguration The accelerator pedal came up on page 183 of Their Eyes Were Watching God and ending pried the dead Tea Cakes teeth from her arm on page 184 echoes the scene in Seraph on the Suwanee beginning She flung her hands up on page 145 and ending nevertheless as fast as you can on page 146. The premise for each scene is identical. The prime female character is forced to defend herself from a close male family component who has gone mad and is labored her life. compensate in the face of death, she is primarily concerned with his well-being and becomes the only person to find out him free.The beginnings of both scenes are strikingly similar. In Their Eyes, The gun came up unsteadily but quickly and leveled at Janies breast. In Seraph, upon becoming awake(predicate) of the axe in Earls hand, Arvay f lung her hands up to her breast. Right away, the focus of violence is drawn to the female form, symbolized by the breast. However, the first thought to cross Janies mind with a gun to her chest is even in Tea Cakes delirium he took good aim. She finds praise for him no matter what he does. Even while he is threatening her life, she automatically compliments him, then excuses his actionsMaybe he would point to scare her, that was all. It is obvious that the women are in positions where they moldiness move in order to survive. The accent for dear life appears in Seraph as fear for her life appears in Their Eyes. Arvay must turn the lights off so that she could non be so easily seen and make her escape while instinctively Janies hand flew behind her on the ri... ...ive if Tea Cake were to kill Janie and it is the equal with Earl and Arvay. Both men must be stopped, and death, not the womens adoration or forgiveness, becomes the only way.Hurstons view of a very male-centered, almo st male-worshipping society, is extremely reflected in Janies and Arvays relationships with and attitudes towards Tea Cake and Earl. Everything the women do seems to be for the men and they push their own needs completely aside. The mens show disregard and total disgust and violence towards the women starkly contrast the womens undying devotion and love for the men. Up to the point of being killed by the men, the women viewpoint strong by them, in support of them, and in order to help them, when it is exactly the opposite of what the men are doing for the women. The repetition of the violence scene in Their Eyes and Seraph reinforces Hurstons view. Violence in Hurstons Seraph on the Suwanee and Their Eyes Were WatchinViolence in Hurstons Seraph on the Suwanee and Their Eyes Were Watching God Several scenes from Seraph on the Suwanee parallel scenes from Their Eyes Were Watching God. The scene beginning The gun came up on page 183 of Their Eyes Were Watching God a nd ending pried the dead Tea Cakes teeth from her arm on page 184 echoes the scene in Seraph on the Suwanee beginning She flung her hands up on page 145 and ending just as fast as you can on page 146. The premise for each scene is identical. The prime female character is forced to defend herself from a close male family member who has gone mad and is threatening her life. Even in the face of death, she is primarily concerned with his well-being and becomes the only person to set him free.The beginnings of both scenes are strikingly similar. In Their Eyes, The gun came up unsteadily but quickly and leveled at Janies breast. In Seraph, upon becoming aware of the axe in Earls hand, Arvay flung her hands up to her breast. Right away, the focus of violence is drawn to the female form, symbolized by the breast. However, the first thought to cross Janies mind with a gun to her chest is even in Tea Cakes delirium he took good aim. She finds praise for him no matter what he does. Even while he is threatening her life, she automatically compliments him, then excuses his actionsMaybe he would point to scare her, that was all. It is obvious that the women are in positions where they must escape in order to survive. The phrase for dear life appears in Seraph as fear for her life appears in Their Eyes. Arvay must turn the lights off so that she could not be so easily seen and make her escape while instinctively Janies hand flew behind her on the ri... ...ive if Tea Cake were to kill Janie and it is the same with Earl and Arvay. Both men must be stopped, and death, not the womens adoration or forgiveness, becomes the only way.Hurstons view of a very male-centered, almost male-worshipping society, is highly reflected in Janies and Arvays relationships with and attitudes towards Tea Cake and Earl. Everything the women do seems to be for the men and they push their own needs completely aside. The mens utter disregard and total evil and violence towards the women starkly contr ast the womens undying devotion and love for the men. Up to the point of being killed by the men, the women stand strong by them, in support of them, and in order to help them, when it is exactly the opposite of what the men are doing for the women. The repetition of the violence scene in Their Eyes and Seraph reinforces Hurstons view.

Egyptian, Babylonian, And Hebrew Religions Essay -- essays research pa

Egyptian, Babylonian, and Hebrew ReligionsEgyptians, Babylonians, and Hebrews have similarities yet also differences intheir religions. The importance is not in the similarities as much as it is inthe differences that distinguish the cultures from each other and their views onlife. I would like to point out each civilizations humanity and flood story.By analyzing these stories we can come to a better understanding of their worldviews. The Hebrew creation story from the book of Genesis is one that close topeople know well. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Theearth was without form and void. God said, "let in that location be light," and there waslight. He then separated the light from the darkness. He also created the land,plants, and animals. He saw everything he created and, behold, it was good.The heavens and earth were completed and all that dwelled within them. On theseventh daylight he rested. The earth was complete, but there was nothing to t akecare of this creation. So, God created man in the image of himself. Man wascreated from the dust of the ground. God gave him the jot of life and theman became a living soul (Moses 11-27). With the background of that story,one should look at the Egyptian interpretation of the beginning. At first therewas nothing but chaos that contained the seed of everything to come. In thisconfusion the sun god dwelled. By an effort of his will he emerged from chaosas Ra and gave birth to Shu, the god of a...

Free Essays on Terrorism: Independence Day Has New Meaning :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Independence Day Has New Meaning This week we give celebrate the Independence of our great nation, gained through the stemma and sacrifice of our ancestors. This is the day we were meant to honor our way of life and the emancipations we enjoy. Disregarding the true meaning of the holiday, I am afraid that many of us, myself included, had forgotten the sacrifice our liberty demanded. July 4th became little more than a day off work, punctuated by an excuse for family and friends to gather with the added attraction of fireworks. As in years past, in that location will be picnics and barbecues and fireworks. Some things will not change. This year, for me, the significance will be different. We are not free in the same way as we were stand year on this day. The events of September 11, changed that. It forced us to come face to face with what our way of life represents. Those tragic events woke this nation from centuries of complacence and reminded us what our freedom is worth. T he veiled promises of terrorist acts to come may change the way we celebrate this year, but we will celebrate with rekindled determination. This year our celebration of freedom has a restored sense of reality. I hope that each of us will see in our minds, the faces that flashed across our television screens of those who will be with us in spirit only this year. Those whose lives were stolen outside(a) in a foolish terrorist attempt to weaken our nation. Forever imprinted in our memories, are the gruesome images before, during and after the dreadful events of 9/11. Behind the surface gaiety, there are now absolute memories of lives sacrificed for our people and their freedom. I take solace in the knowledge that the intent of terrorists to weaken this nation and its people has had the opposite effect.